Efficient and sustainable solid and e-waste management leads to improved human health, particularly in reducing the incidences of eruptive diseases and environmental degradation (9, 19, 20).

Efficient and sustainable e-waste management leads to a reduction in environmental pollution through application of solutions, such as recycling (19).

If managed improperly, the solid waste may pose a threat to the environment and the health of waste management workers (19). The effects of e-waste to human health and wellbeing includes respiratory problems, oxidative stress, DNA damage and the possibility of causing cancer. This is chiefly due to their chemical and physical characteristics, which sets them apart from other forms of wastes that are produced by human activities or industrial wastes (35).

Poor participation of targeted communities, especially low-income earners due to fee barriers, alongside suboptimal distribution and logistics infrastructure, may limit the expected impact especially in informal settlements (10, 16, 19).

The local government's reluctance to mobilize communities in domestic waste collection may limit the expected impact. People are not adhering to regulations including by-laws because of poor enforcement system by local governments. Sometimes local authorities do not take actions to residents found disposing waste haphazardly. There are also incidences of political interferences in some areas, which prohibit the refuse charged by the wards and street offices (18).

Failure of the government and the municipal authorities to honour their obligation to provide adequate resources may limit the effectiveness of waste management. Government reluctance to provide necessary subsidy for recovering the cost-of-service delivery occasioned by the poor communities’ ability to pay for services may further compound the problem (9, 10, 16).

Minimize health hazards associated with uncollected waste and move towards a circular economy with efficient and sustainable resource use.

National Solid Waste Management Strategy, 2018: Aims at attaining sustainable management of solid waste that contributes to achieving economic and social benefits to Tanzanian people. It has been developed to enable the country meet the goals for solid waste management (9).

National Environment Policy, 1997: Outlines government commitment to promote environmental sound practices to address the challenges related to land degradation; lack of accessible, good quality water for both urban and rural inhabitants, and environmental pollution (39).

National Five-Year Development Plan, 2021 (FYDP III): Outlines the importance of environment and natural resources as national assets that must be protected. It identifies interventions to strengthen the systems of environmental protection and sustainable use of natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations. Other areas of focus include ensuring safe use and handling of modern technologies, including those for handling solid and e-waste (5).

National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), 2013-2018: Acknowledges that increasing urbanization, rising standards of living and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid and liquid waste generation (55).

Fiscal incentives: Tanzania offers import duty and VAT exemption on deemed capital goods, including building materials, utility vehicles and equipment that is required for solid and e-waste management, among other things (29, 30).

Fiscal incentives: The income tax laws allow 50% capital allowances in the first year of use for plant and machinery, which applies for solid waste management tools and machinery for solid collection, transportation and treatment, including recycling (29, 30).

Other incentives: The government may identify projects and grant special strategic investment status if the investment capital transaction is undertaken through registered local financial and insurance institutions. This applies to solid and e-waste management (29, 30).

Environmental Management (Solid Waste) Regulations, 2009: Highlights waste minimization and cleaner production principles alongside the duty to safeguard the public health and the environment from adverse effects of solid waste (25).

Environmental Management (Soil Quality Standards) Regulations, 2007: Comprises of hazardous waste management; registration and discharge permit for polluting activities. The regulation stipulates procedures for private sector entity to get a license for waste management (26).

Environmental Management (Hazardous Waste Control and Management) Regulations, 2009: Details the requirements and responsibilities for controlling and managing hazardous waste in Tanzania (27).

Tanzania Investment Act, No. 26, 1997: Established the Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC) to promote, coordinate and facilitate investment into Tanzania, and governs investment activities. This act is relevant for private investors intending to become active in waste management (54).

The Recycler Ltd, Arena Recycling Industry, GreenWaste Prohouse Ltd, Oswams Waste Management Systems Ltd.

Ministry of Lands and Human Settlements, Vice presidents Office, Local Government Authorities (LGAs), Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC), Tanzania Environmental Management Council (NEMC), Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS).

World Bank Group (WBG).

United Kingdom’s Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), Habitat International, SNV Netherlands Development Organization, Habitat International, Environmental Engineering and Pollution Control Organization (EEPCO), Sustainability in Action (SiA), WasteAid.

The proposed USD 14 million Tanzania Public-Private Partnership Project (TPPP) financed by the World Bank (WB) will assist Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and local government authorities (LGAs), including for waste management infrastructure.

Cities across Tanzania are in need of improved and sustainable solid waste management systems due to growth in urbanization, which has increased from 28.11% in 2010 to 35.23% in 2020. Other factors include increased industrialization and population (38).

The city of Dar es Salaam has a population of 7,405,000 and is considered to be the 3rd fastest growing city in Africa and 10th in the world with a population density of approximately 2,700 people per km2. The city has the highest annual waste growth of 10%. It currently generates approximately 4,600 tons of waste per day on average, which is higher than typical values for developing countries (18, 40).

Arusha city has a population of 507,903 distributed through 25 wards and 155 streets. The solid waste generation rate is about 550 tonnes / day, with an average generation rate of 1.08 kg / person / day and a collection capacity of about 302 tonnes / day, which equals 54.8%. The city has a 16% recycling capacity (18).

Mwanza city has a population of 706,453 with an average population growth rate of 3% per year. This population is distributed in 18 wards and 178 streets. The solid waste generation rate for city is about 338 tonnes / day with an average generation rate of 0.7 kg / person / day. The collection capacity is about 227 tonnes / day, equalling 67.2% (18).

Mbeya city’s population is estimated at 433 386, distributed across 36 wards and 181 streets. The solid waste generation rate for the city is about 400 tonnes / day with an average generation rate of 0.7 kg / person / day. The collection capacity is about 140 tonnes / day, equalling 35% (18).